The newly included emotions are:Īs a researcher and an authority, Dr. However in the 1990s Ekman expanded his list of basic emotions, including a range of positive and negative emotions not all of which are encoded in facial muscles. The following is Ekman's (1972) list of basic emotions: On this evidence, he concluded that the expressions associated with some emotions were basic or biologically universal to all humans. They could also ascribe facial expressions to descriptions of situations. He observed that members of an isolated culture could reliably identify the expressions of emotion in photographs of people from cultures with which the Fore were not yet familiar. Emotion classificationĮkman devised a list of basic emotions from cross-cultural research on the Fore tribesmen of Papua New Guinea. Ekman is also working with Computer Vision researcher Dimitris Metaxas on designing a visual lie-detector. His contributions include the interpretation of scientific research into the roots of compassion, altruism, and peaceful human relationships. He is currently on the Editorial Board of Greater Good magazine, published by the Greater Good Science Center of the University of California, Berkeley. Įkman has contributed much to the study of social aspects of lying, why we lie, and why we are often unconcerned with detecting lies. When interviewed about the Monica Lewinsky scandal, he mentioned that he could detect that former President Bill Clinton was lying because he used distancing language. In his profession he also uses verbal signs of lying. His work on lying, for example, was not limited to the face, but also to observation of the rest of the body. Ekman conducted and published research on a wide variety of topics in the general area of non-verbal behavior. He developed the Facial Action Coding System (FACS) to taxonomize every conceivable human facial expression. These naturals are also known as "Truth Wizards", or wizards of deception detection from demeanor. After testing a total of 15,000 people from all walks of life, he found only 50 people that had the ability to spot deception without any formal training. Maureen O'Sullivan, called the Wizards Project (previously named the Diogenes Project), Ekman reported on facial " microexpressions" which could be used to assist in lie detection. Findings on contempt are less clear, though there is at least some preliminary evidence that this emotion and its expression are universally recognized. Expressions he found to be universal included those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. Įkman showed that contrary to the belief of some anthropologists including Margaret Mead, facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal across human cultures and thus biological in origin. He retired in 2005 as professor of psychology in the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).Įkman's work on facial expressions had its starting point in the work of psychologist Silvan Tomkins. The background of Ekman's research analyzes the development of human traits and states over time (Keltner, 2007).
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He is considered one of the 100 most eminent psychologists of the twentieth century. He is the son of a pediatrician.Įkman's carefully conducted experiments were a model of elegance for other psychologists and, in part, led to him being designated one of the 100 most important psychologists of the twentieth century by the American Psychological Association. Ekman was born in 1934 in Washington, DC, and grew up in Newark, New Jersey], Washington, Oregon, and Southern California.